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Native American Genocide Still Haunts United States By Leah Trabich Cold Spring Harbor High School New York, USA In the past, the main thrust of the Holocaust/Genocide Project's magazine , An End To Intolerance, has been the genocides that occurred in history and outside of the United States. Still, what we mustn't forget is that mass killing of Native Americans occurred in our own country. As a resu lt, bigotry and racial discrimination still exist. For Native Americans, the world after 1492 would n ever be the same. This date marked the beginning of the long road of per secution and genocide of Native Americans, our indigenous people. Genoci de was an important cause of the decline for many tribes. "By conservative estimates, the population of the United states prior to European contact was greater than 12 million. Four centuries later, the count was reduced by 95% to 237 thousand.
In 1493, when Columbus returned to the Hispaniola, he quickly implemented policies of slavery and mass extermination of the Taino population of t he Caribbean. Las Casas, the primary historian of the Columbian era, writes of many accounts of the horrors that the Spanish colonists inflicted upon the indigenous populat ion: hanging them en mass, hacking their children into pieces to be used as dog feed, and other horrid cruelties. The works of Las Casas are oft en omitted from popular American history books and courses because Colum bus is considered a hero by many, even today. Mass killing did not cease, however, after Columbus departed. Expansion o f the European colonies led to similar genocides. "Indian Removal" polic y was put into action to clear the land for white settlers. Methods for the removal included slaughter of villages by the military and also biol ogical warfare. High death rates resulted from forced marches to relocat e the Indians. The Removal Act of 1830 set into motion a series of events which led to t he "Trail of Tears" in 1838, a forced march of the Cherokees, resulting in the destruction of most of the Cherokee population." The concentratio n of American Indians in small geographic areas, and the scattering of t hem from their homelands, caused increased death, primarily because of a ssociated military actions, disease, starvation, extremely harsh conditi ons during the moves, and the resulting destruction of ways of life. During American expansion into the western frontier, one primary effort t o destroy the Indian way of life was the attempts of the US government to make farmers and cattle ranchers of the Indians. In addition, one of the most substantial methods was the premeditated destructions of flora and fauna which the American Indians used for food and a variety of oth er purposes. We now also know that the Indians were intentionally expose d to smallpox by Europeans. The discovery of gold in California, early i n 1848, prompted American migration and expansion into the west. The gre ed of Americans for money and land was rejuvenated with the Homestead Ac t of 1862. In California and Texas there was blatant genocide of Indians by non-Indians during certain historic periods. In California, the decr ease from about a quarter of a million to less than 20,000 is primarily due to the cruelties and wholesale massacres perpetrated by the miners a nd early settlers. Indian education began with forts erected by Jesuits, in which indigenous youths were incarcerated, indoctrinated with non-in digenous Christian values, and forced into manual labor. These children were forcibly removed from their parents by soldiers and many times neve r saw their families until later in their adulthood. This was after thei r value systems and knowledge had been supplanted with colonial thinking . One of the foundations of the US imperialist strategy was to replace traditional leadership of the various indigenous nations with indoctrin ated "graduates" of white "schools," in order to expedite compliance wit h US goals and expansion. Probably one of the most ruinous acts to the Indians was the disappearanc e of the buffalo. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, life depended on the buffalo. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were an estimated forty million buffalo, but between 1830 and 1888 there was a rapid, systematic extermination culminating in the sudden slaughter of the only two remaining Plain herds. By around 1895, the formerly vast b uffalo populations were practically extinct. The slaughter occurred beca use of the economic value of buffalo hides to Americans and because the animals were in the way of the rapidly westward expanding population. Th e end result was widescale starvation and the social and cultural disint egration of many Plains tribes. Genocide entered international law for the first time in 1948; the intern ational community took notice when Europeans (Jews, Poles, and other vic tims of Nazi Germany) faced cultural extinction. The "Holocaust" of Worl d War II came to be the model of genocide. We, as the human race, must r ealize, however, that other genocides have occurred. Genocide against ma ny particular groups is still widely happening today. The discrimination of the Native American population is only one example of this ruthless destruction. Credits: Sharon Johnston, The Genocide of Native Americans: A Sociologica l View, 1996.
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