news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4276242.stm
Printable version Hurricanes and global warming - a link? Analysis by Richard Black Environment Correspondent, BBC News website Hurricane from space, Eumetsat Scientists need more data - and that only comes with time Here is a recipe for an explosive news cocktail. Add two intense a nd damaging natural storms which bring destruction to that country; then mix in the widely held view that the same nation's environmental polici es are partially responsible for those storms. In the polarised world of climate change, this cocktail has proved an irr esistible temptation to organisations which campaign against President B ush's administration in support of enhanced action to curb greenhouse ga s emissions. The latest to succumb was the British newspaper The Independent, which sc reamed on its front page: "This is global warming", above an alarmingly portentous graphic of Hurricane Rita's projected path. What is the evidence that the growing concentra tions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are changing weather systems in such a way that hurricanes become more powe rful, or more frequent? Well above average Certainly, 2005 appears to have been an unusually active year. The US National Hurricane Center/Tropical Prediction Center comments in i ts August summary that "thus far in 2005, there have been 12 named storm s and four hurricanes. "These numbers are well above the long-term averages of 44 storms and 2 1 hurricanes that would normally have formed by this date." But a single year's observation does not permit the divination of a long- term trend, or the attribution of that trend to a cause such as climatic warming. Sea surface temperatures (Noaa) "Based on recent research, the consensus view is that we don't expect glo bal warming to make a difference to the frequency of hurricanes," explai ns Julian Heming, from the UK Meteorological Office. "Activity is naturally very variable in terms of frequency, intensity and regional occurrence; in the Atlantic, there are active phases and not s o active phases, and currently we're in the middle of an active phase. "It's very dangerous to explain Rita or Katrina through global warming, b ecause we have always had strong hurricanes in the USA - the strongest o ne on record dates back to 1935." Regular changes Records from the 20th Century suggest that hurricane formation over the A tlantic has changed phase every few decades: the 1940s and 50s were acti ve, the 70s and 80s less so, while the currently active phase appears to have commenced in 1995. A key factor in the formation of a tropical cyclone - a low-pressure regi on that can turn into a hurricane - is sea-surface temperature, which ha s to be above about 27 degrees Celsius. Katrina damage (AP) Population growth means there is now more property to damage So anything which changes the sea-surface temperature in the right parts of the world could theoretically affect hurricane formation. The most recent study on the issue, published this month in the journal S cience, found that while the incidence of hurricanes and tropical storms has remained roughly constant over the last 30 years, there has been a rise in the number of intense hurricanes with wind speeds above 211km/h (131mph). The leader of that research project, Dr Peter Webster, believes there may be a link to climate change. "What I think we can say is that the increase in intensity is probably ac counted for by the increase in sea-surface temperature," he told the BBC News website, "and I think probably the sea-surface temperature increas e is a manifestation of global warming." "The problem is," observes Julian Heming, "that we can only look back abo ut 35 years with satellite data; before that the record is somewhat unre liable, and 35 years isn't long enough to draw a definite conclusion. "Before global satellite coverage, we're pretty sure there are gaps in th e record; storms would start at sea and die out at sea, so we never knew about them." Global connections The changing phases of Atlantic hurricane activity are not completely und erstood; but there appears to be a link to fluctuations in the thermohal ine circulation, the global pattern of ocean currents which in western E urope appears as the Gulf Stream. By causing the sea-surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic to change by even a degree Celsius, these fluctuations can bring major difference s to the number of hurricanes generated in a particular year. Other natural climate cycles such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation may also play a role. The other crucial factor with Katrina and Rita is where they landed. others will hit a sparsely-populated ar ea, causing minimal damage. Bar chart showing hurricane land strikes (Noaa) This also appears to be determined by weather systems, in particular the location of a region of high atmospheric pressure, the sub-tropical ridg e "In the Atlantic, storms form in the east and move towards the west," say s Julian Heming, "and at some point they turn northwards. "Where they turn northwards has much to do with the weather conditions fu rther north; "Last year it did extend across the Atlantic, and so hurricanes were forc ed much further west - hence Ivan, Jean, Charlie and Francis all hit the US." Bigger and bolder Every time a hurricane comes along - or a flood, or a drought, or a freez e, or a heatwave - the question is now asked "is it linked to global war ming?" A decade ago, that was not the case - a clear signal that climate change is now firmly established in the public mind and in the political arena.
Galveston's great storm Now that climate scientists are being taken seriously, they are also unde r pressure to produce instant answers. Another problem is th at some scientists - not to mention lobby groups, environmental organisa tions, politicians, newspapers and commentators - will go much further i n their public statements than the data allow. With such incendiary material, that is unlikely to change; but it is diff icult to avoid the conclusion that we would all benefit from people on b oth wings of the issue looking rather more to research, however laboured its progress, and rather less to screaming headlines and easy quotes.
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