en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X
He explained the name he chose by saying To take ones X is to take on a certain mystery, a certain possibility of power in the eyes of ones peers and ones enemies ... The X announced what you had been and what you had become: Ex-smoker, Ex-drinker, Ex-Christian, Ex-slave. The 'X' also stood for the unknown original surname of the slaves from whom Mal colm X descended, in preference to continuing to use a name which would have been given by the slave owner. This rationale made many members of the Nation of Islam choose their own surnames.
African slaves were M uslims before they were captured and sent to the Americas. They argued t hat Blacks should reconvert to Islam to reclaim the heritage that was st olen from them.
black nationalist group which suppo rted the idea of a separate Black nation within the United States. The N OI also considers non-Blacks as subhuman, in particular Jews and Anglo-S axons whose existence is owed to an experiment by the Prophet Muhammed g one wrong.
library to expan d his knowledge and to improve his handwriting. His first contact with Elijah Muhammad was in prison, where he correspond ed with Muhammad by mail. As he progressed in his self-education, he beg an to write to the leader daily.
The "X" is also both a reference to the name given to the slaves by the Anglo-European slave owners, unwilling and un-want ing to learn their African names; and is also the brand that many slaves received on their upper arm.
templ es around the country, of which he often became Minister. His rousing, i ncendiary and inspirational speeches and spotless personal example led t o the ranks of the Nation of Islam burgeoning. He was soon seen as the n umber two man in the movement, next to Elijah Muhammad himself. He was l argely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 t o 30,000 in 1963.
Gumilah born in 1964 and twins Malaak and Malikah born after Malcolm's death in 1965. As Malcolm worked tirelessly for the Nation of Islam, he was increasingly exposed to rumours of Elijah Muhammad's extra-marital affairs with youn g secretaries.
Adultery is severely shunned in the teachings of the Nation. Although this news unsettled Malcolm, he often brushed it aside . But soon he investigated these allegations and saw that they were true , and they were eventually affirmed by Elijah Muhammad himself, who clai med that it was legitimate for him to take on wives as he was the messen ger of God.
Sharia, is not a transgression in the mainstream Isl amic religion. Despite being unsatisfied with the excuses, and being dise nchanted by other ministers using Nation of Islam funds to line their ow n pockets, Malcolm's faith in Elijah Muhammad did not waver.
March on Washington critically, unable to understand why black people were exc ited over a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a presi dent who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when h e was alive."
John F Kennedy, Malcolm delivered a speech as he regularly would . However, when asked to comment upon the assassination, he replied that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost" that the violence th at JFK had failed to stop, and at times refused to rein in had come arou nd to claim his life. Most explosively, he then added that with his coun try origins, "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. This comment led to widespread public outcry and led to th e Nation of Islam's publicly censuring Malcolm X Although retaining his post and rank as minister, he was banned from public speaking for ninet y days by Elijah Muhammad himself.
The fellowship he observed between Muslims of all races taught him what his experiences in America convinced him was impossible. He had co me to see Islam as the one religion that erases the race problem.
OAAU included all people of African a ncestry in the Western Hemisphere, as well as those on the African conti nent. When he returned to America, he gave a new speech about his visit. This t ime he gave a far bigger meaning and message in his speech. It was not o nly to the Muslims, it was for the whole nation in America and for all r aces. He said, "Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are the rights that are reco gnized by all nations of this earth."
M1 Carbine and pulling back the curtains to peer out of a window. This photograph is a popular image on T-shirts and often appears with the slogan "By any means necessary." The photo was taken in connec tion with Malcolm's declaration that he would defend himself from the da ily death threats which he and his family were receiving. The undercover FBI informants warned officials that Malcolm X had been marked for assa ssination. One officer undercover with the Nation of Islam reportedly ha d been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm's car. Tensions increased between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. It was allege d that orders were given by members of the Nation leadership to kill Mal colm.
Audubon Ballroom, Malc olm had just begun delivering a speech when a disturbance broke out in t he crowd of 400. As Malcolm's bodyguards rushed forward to atte nd to the disturbance, a black man rushed forward and shot Malcolm in th e chest with a sawed-off shotgun. Two other men quickly charged towards the stage and fired handguns at Malcolm. Angry on-lookers in the crowd c aught and beat the assassins as they attempted to flee the Ballroom. Fifteen hundred people attended Malcolm's funeral in Harlem on February 2 7, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ (now Child's Memoria l Temple Church of God in Christ). After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves .
Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992. The Assassination of Malcolm X New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992. The Death and Life of Malcolm X Champaign-Urbana: Un iversity of Illinois Press, 1979. Voices of Freedom: Oral Histories fro m the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. The Young Oxford History of African Americans, v 9 New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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