www.baconanddear.com/imm-famous/2000-Noble-Prizes.php
In the fields of Physics, Chemistry and Physiology, three American immigrant scientists were rewarded for their outstanding achievements. He has demonstrated how changes of synaptic function are central for learning and memory. Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria, and graduated from Harvard College, where he majored in history and literature. He went on to receive his medical degree from New York University School of Medicine. Upon completion of his medical degree, he began postdoctoral training with Wade Marshall in the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at NIH; Kandel has held faculty positions at Harvard Medical School and the New York University School of Medicine before coming to Columbia, where he was the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and counts among his honors the Nobel Prize, the Wolf prize, the Lasker Award, the Gairdner Award, the Harvey Prize, and the National Medal of Science. Herbert Kroemer The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2000 to scientists and inventors whose work has laid the foundation of modern information technology, IT, particularly through their invention of rapid transistors, laser diodes, and integrated circuits (chips). The prize was awarded with one half jointly to Zhores I. Kilby Kroemer, University of California at Santa Barbara, California, was honored for inventing and developing the fast opto- and microelectronic components based on layered semiconductor structures, termed semiconductor heterostructures. Laser diodes built with the same technology drive the flow of information in the Internet's fibre-optical cables and are also found in CD players and bar-code readers. Following work in a number of research laboratories in Germany and the USA, Kroemer persuaded the ECE Department at UCSB in 1976 to put the limited resources it had available for expanding their small semiconductor research program into the emerging compound semiconductor technology. That research program has grown into a large group that is second to none in the physics and technology of compound semiconductors and devices based on them. Kroemer's research has been widely recognized by the semiconductor and physics community, and he has been honored with numerous awards, including: the J. Ebers Award of the Electron Devices Group of the IEEE, Honorary Doctorate in Engineering, Technical University of Aachen, Germany, the Jack Morton Award of IEEE, the Alexander von Humboldt Research Award, National Academy of Engineering, Nobel Prize in Physics (2000) Alan G. MacDiarmid The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000 jointly to Alan J. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa for their revolutionary discovery that plastic can be made electrically conductive. MacDiarmid, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA was recognized as the co-discoverer of the field of conducting polymers, more commonly known as "synthetic metals," was the chemist responsible in 1977 for the chemical and electrochemical doping of polyacetylene, the "prototype" conducting polymer, and the "rediscovery" of polyaniline, the foremost industrial conducting polymer. After obtaining his higher education at the University of New Zealand, University of Wisconsin and Cambridge University he joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 1955, where he is currently Blanchard Professor of Chemistry. During the past 20 years he has been the author/co-author of approximately 600 research papers and 20 patents. He is the recipient of numerous awards and honorary degrees both nationally and internationally. He was named recipient of the 1999 American Chemical Society Award in Materials Chemistry, which was presented at the society's National Meeting in Anaheim, CA in March 1999. In many cases, these foreign-born scientists decide to live in the United States permanently in order to continue their research.
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